MCGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ACC No \^\^\0

BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

VOL. III.

Class III. REPTILES.

IV. FIS H.

WARRINGTON:

Printed by william evres,

FOR

Benjamin Y^hitEj st Horsce^s Hesd, Fleet-Streetj London.

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VIPER.

29

CiiAss IM.

Dreadful as the effefbs of its bite may be, yet its flefli has beerr
long celebrated as a noble medicine. Dodlor Mead cites from
Pliny, Galen, and other antients, feveral proofs of its efficacy in
the cure of ulcers, the elephantiafis, and other bad complaints. He
even fays he has feen good cffefts from it in an obftinate lepra: \t
is at prefent ufed as a reftorative, tho’ we think the modern phy-
ficians have no great dependence on its virtues. The antients
prefcribed it boiled, and to be eaten as fi(h; for when frefti, the
medicine was much more likely to take effedt than when dried,
and given in form of a powder or troche. Mr. Keyjler relates that
Sir Kenelm Digby ufed to feed his wife, who was a moft beautiful
woman, with capons fattened with the fleffi of vipers.

The antient Britons had a ftrange fuperftition in refpedl to thefe
animals, and of which there ftill remains in Wales a ftrong tradi¬
tion. The account Pliny gives of it is as follows: we fliall not
attempt a tranllation, it being already done to our hands in a fpi-
rited manner by the ingenious Mr. Mafon, which we ftiall take the
liberty of borrowing.

Praterea eft ovorum genus in magna Galliarum fama, omijfum
Graecis. Angues innuweri aftate convoluti, falivis fauciutn corperutn~
que fpumis artifici complenu glomerantur j anguinum appellatur. Dru-
idae fthilis id dicunt in fublitne jabtari, fagoque oportere intertipi, ne
tellurem attingatprofugere raptorem equo t- ferpentes enim infequi,..
donee arceantur amnis alicujus interventu*.

Uses.

• Lib. XXIX. f. 3.

But

30 -

Class III.

viper:

But tell me yet

From the grot of charms and fpells,

Where our matron filler dwells,

Brennus^ has thy holy hand
Safely brought the Druid wand.

And the potent Adder-ftone^

Gender’d ’fore the autumnal moon ?

When in undulating twine.

The foaming fnakes prolific join ;

When they hifs, and when they bear
Their wond’rous egg aloof in air;

Thence before to earth it fall.

The Druid in his hallow’d pall.

Receives the prize.

And inflant flies.

Follow’d by the envenom’d brood,

^Till he crofs the cryflal flood

This wondrous egg feems to be nothing more than a bead of
glafs, ufed by the Druids as a charm to impole on the vulgar,
whom they taught to believe, that the pofleflbr would be fortu¬
nate in all his attempts, and that it would gain him the favor of
the great.

Our modern Druidejfes give much the fame account of the ovum
anguinum^ Glain Neidr, as the Welch call it, or the Adder-Gem, as
the Roman philofopher does, but feem not to have fo exalted an
opinion of its powers, ufing it only to aflift children in cutting
their teeth, or to cure the chin-cough, or to drive away an ague.

We have fome of thefe beads in our cabinet: they are made of

Mc^on s CaraHacust The perfon Speaking is a Druid.

. glafs,

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7 )

Class Ill. S N A K E.

glafs, and of a very rich blue color; foine are plain, others ftreak-
ed: we fay nothing of the figure, as the annexed plate will convey
a ftronger idea of it than words.

Arift. Hift. an. I, c. i.

Natrix torquata. Gefner Serpent, 63.
Natrix torquata. Rail fyn. quad, 334.
Anguis vulgaris fufcus collo flavefcente,
ventre albis maculis diltindus. Pet,
Mu/, XVII. No. 101.

Coluber natrix. Lin, fyft, 380.
Tomt-Orm, Snok, Ring-Orm. Faun,
Suec, No. 288.

C. natrix fcutis abdom. 170. Squamis
caudae, 60. Ibid,

T he fnake is the largeft of the Englijh ferpents, fometimes
exceeding four feet in length: the neck is flender; the
middle of the body thickeft; the back and fides covered with fmall
fcales, the belly with oblong, narrow, tranfverfe plates. The firft

Linnaus

. Ringed.

3« SNA K E. Class III.

Linn^us diftinguifhes by the name of fi^uam^e^ the laft he calls
and from them forms his genera of ferpents.

Thofe that have both fquama and fcuta he calls Coluhri\ thofe
that have ov\'j fquama^ Angues. The viper and fnake are compre¬
hended in the firft genus, the blind-v/orm under the fecond; but
v?e chufe (to avoid multiplying our genera) to take in the few fer¬
pents we have by a Angle genus, theif marks being too evident to
be confounded.

^ ESC RIP* T'he color of the back and Ades of the Aiake are duflcy or

brown ; the middle of the back marked with tv/o rows of fmall
black fpots running from head to tail; and from them are multi¬
tudes of lines of fpots croffing the Ades the plates on the belly
are dulky, the fcales on the Ades of a bluiAi white.

On each fide the neck is a fpot of pale yellow, and the bafe of

each is a triangular black fpot, one angle of which points towards
the tail.

The teeth are fmall and ferrated, lying each Ade thejaw in two
rows.

This fpecies is perfeftly inoffenAve \ it frequents and lodges it-
felf among bullies in moift places, and will readily take the water,
fvvimming very well.

It preys on frogs, infeds, worms, and mice, and, conAdering
the fmallnefs of the neck, it is amazing how large an animal it will
fwallow.

Eggs. The fnake is oviparous: it lays its eggs in dung-hills, and in
hot-beds, whofe heat, aided by that of the fun, promotes the ex-
cluAon of the young.

During winter it lies torpid in banks of hedges, and under old
trees.

Angurt

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xhZZ V"”' from Alcobaca,

they heai Jn the morning;

Pedern(»’ ’ St. Oiaon, near

coaft S ^Vf^ P^ceeding from th^ fea-

place th£/ ” 2nd on their arrival at tie

Square hnC. ^ was a

ES'i.rg!,';,™" gT.o’''

p.

^ut none could d^»rrr;k« to view it,

2 nd the filhefmen ^ P !f tW* <ifl>

>^r fatv one ihetimd.'^^™'"’^ declared th§^

Liy-n^ (/,g

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iTW tnc?u/ V UrrJl)^ %\^ok, Oti , ~ ^

f • nf a currous feamonftcr, driven on

^^^^^Portleaven Bay on the coaft of Cornwall,

^or« m 1786, by the ftrong wel^rly

ij the 14th ox p ^Lather whlcK continued

wurhood. » alfcoveredby two l}oy®>

v> 7 “*.

^ho (agr«^le w ,6

‘"l ?!,raie Clift which commanded a pro- ■.

■'‘2,?«4'b'y. “

'““.‘.SS' ■» '>‘,'5' 5'*' "

riinit ..I^t btok. J l»^(

rp.“b -.ion.
termined to go ^ed.,^fome w.^t,^

l tn It but it appeared to crawl on 7 '^

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oua'wer^du; ^‘;^;fonrabo«t this c«atur^

me f.iidit was a Mermaid, others a
It the greater number dilbehev.ing the ^'ft':{'*-

!\he former, and adhering to f lo J.

F the latter, t4y were all X ^ J"”:

^heii it was agreed to examine what it ^ • j Y
11 ' if and pftcr 310 hour 8 bcatiii^^

il we nt towards It, ana ^

oth^end of it^tad, 4^ body,

‘irmnifi-ience jn the laip5 P 'Un^c* and
^Vfeet and a halt -, its

,;u tl, in 'b'bbd.r p.r. , “g ,

unlike that of a man ,_ Z , ^ ^ jjj ntek

its meuth large ; us nofe flat, human

,0 the naval, ‘"^dW'ult to

kind; its Z""^Jmi*of a tuvt'C^ it had two
penetrate than the (h 11 of a Juit e ^

(hiortfere let, hita’j''! partsoi

,d its hinder pu.sftapedUk^thehu ^

porpmfe; It had ^ feven Lt in width at tk^
ireadjg nieafured ii i «. Tt is fuDt>ofed

ID.1 boi FT'J'Si b?moiloMa,f.om it,

■:f,;5S7t"igS£,.b,,u^b.

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^ t^u 1

f this kiingdom, . ___ J I >

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that o„ V‘'"-J7- They write from Alcobaca.
thev h., / 27 th of November, in die morning
Pe/ern. ’ Camlet of St. Oiaon, near

coS S P’oceeding from th^ fea-

filb ^ led them to imagine that fome Jaree

Plac^tlr o„\heir arrival at tL

three var?, In ^ ^ whale,, which Ws

and wM, . was. black on the back

and white under the belly, but it had no fins"- .-n

foil above the eyes was a

%are hole, and two other fma'l openings Its

furniftedTwth aTkrIr

other; abwe H U^ , l^parated from each
fides, where there towards the

were thick lolrh i there

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white! '^NTmSfof

never law one pf ihe^i^f declared th%*^

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63

Class VI. SHELLS,
given by the Sage Gerard, is fo curious, that I beg leave to trati-

fcribe it.

‘ But what our eyes have feene, and hands have touched, we
‘ lhall declare. There is a fmall ifland in Lancajhire called the
‘ Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old
‘ and bruifed fliips, fome whereof have been caft thither by fliip-
‘ wracke, and alfo the trunks and bodies with the branches of old
‘ and rotten trees, caft up there likewife •, whereon is found a cer-
‘ taine fputne or froth that in time breedeth unto certaine fhels,

‘ in fhape like thofe of the Muflde, but (harper pointed, and of a
‘ whitifh colour wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace
‘ of hike finely woven as it were together, of a whitifh colour ;

‘ one end whereof is faftened unto the in fide of the fhell, even as
‘ the fifh of Oifters and Mufkles are : the other end is made fall
‘ unto the belly of a rude mafle or lumpe, which in time commeth
‘ to the fhape and form of a bird : when it is perfedlly formed,

‘ the fhell gapeth open, and the firft thing that appeareth is the
‘ forefaid lace or firing •, next come the legs of the bird hanging
‘ out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the fliell by degrees,

‘ till at length it is all come forth, and hangeih onely by tlie bill;

L. Lin. Syji. i io8. Faun. Suec. No. 2123. Lift. Angl. tab. s.fig. 41 •

L. with ftrong fulcated fhells; aperture fmaller in proportion than
the former.

Adheres to the fame bodies, ^ab. xxxvii. 5*

Quere, the figure. A, 5 . if not ^n accidental variety ?

Balanoides.

5. Sulcat-

ED.

w

Lepas

V

y , . . -- jx'uj/^t^^^i

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V

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^>TVm

Jnotifera. h. Lin, Syft. I lOg. Faun, Suec. No, 2120 . Lift, Conch, tab. A^g.

9. Anati-
rEROus.

L. confifting of five fhells, deprefied, affixed to a pedicle, and
in clufcers. 7 < 7 ^. xxxviii. 9 .

Adheres to fliips bottoms by its pedicles.

The tentacula from its animal are feathered •, and have given our
old Englijh hiftorians and naturalifts the idea of a bird. They afcri-,
bed the origin of the Barnacle Goofe to thefe (hells. The account

given

63

Class VI. SHELL S.

given by the Sage Gerardy is fo curious, that I beg leave to tran-

fcribe it.

‘ But what our eyes have feene, and hands have touched, we
‘ lhall declare. There is a fmall ifland in Lancajhire called the
‘ Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old
‘ and bruifed Ihips, fome whereof have been call thither by fliip-
‘ wracke, and alfo the trunks and bodies with tlie branches of old
‘ and rotten trees, call up there likewife -, whereon is found a cer-
‘ taine fpume or froth that in time breedeth unto certaine fhels,

‘ in lhape like thofe of the Muflde, but (harper pointed, and of a

whitifh colour ; wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace
* of hike finely woven as it were together, of a whitilh colour ;

‘ one end whereof is faftened unto the inlide of the (hell, even as
‘ the fi(h of Oifters and Mufkles are : the other end is made fait
‘ unto the belly of a rude malTe or lumpe, which in time commeth
‘ to the lhape and form of a bird r when it is perfeftly formed,

‘ the (hell gapeth open, and the firft thing that appeareth is the
‘ forefaid lace or firing •, next come the legs of the bird hanging
‘ out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the (liell by degrees,

‘ dll at length it is all come forth, and hangeth onely by tlie bill;

‘ in (hort (pace after it commeth-to full maturitie, and fallptli into
‘ the fea, where it gathereth feathers,' and groweth to fowle
‘ bigger than a Mallard and lelTer than a Gool'e, having blacke
‘ legs and bill or beake, and feathers bhioke and white, fpotted in
‘ fuch manner as is our Mag Pky called in fome places a Pie-
‘ Annety which the people of Lancajhire call by no other name than
^ a tree Goole ; which place aforclaid, and. all thole parts atijoyn-
‘ ing, do fo much abound therewith, that one of the beft is bought

‘ for three pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it

‘ pleafe

6

- PHOLJS.

Da£ljlus*
10 . Dac-

TYLE.

Candidas*

11 * White.

SHELLS. Class VI.

‘ pleafe them to repaire unto me, and I fliall fatisfie them by the
* teflimonie of good witnefles.’ Vide Herbal, p. 1587? 1588.

This gexius is called by Linnaus, Lepas, a name that is given
by the, antients to the Patella. Shells of this clafs are called by
Ariftotle, *, from the refemblance fome of them bear to

acorns. We have feen before in the account of the fupper of Len~
tulus, that they were admitted to the greatcih tables.

III. Its animal an Ascidia.

Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with feveral lefler
Ihells at the hinge.

The hinges folded back, united with a cartilage.

An incurvated tooth in the infide beneath the hinge.

Ph. Lin. SjJl. mo. Faun. Suef. No. 2124. Lijt. Angl. App. Tab. xi. Jig. 3.

Ph. with an oblong fhell, marked with echinated Jlria ; the tooth
broad; the fpace above the hinge reflected, and cancellated beneath;
breadth four inches and a half; length one and a quarter.
Tab. xxxix. fig. 10.

P^. Lin. Sfji. ml. Liji. Angl. tab. 'f.Jig. 39.

Ph. with a brittle (hell, and fmoother than the former; the tooth
very flender; breadth an inch and an half; length near an inch.
Tab. xxxix.ii.

• Hijl. An. lib: V. f. 15.

Ph. Lin.

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I

SHELLS.

67

Class VI.

M. Arenaria. \t»‘ SjJi/im. Fam:, Suec. No. 2117.

M. with a tooth W the former ; mouth large, rough at the bafc-,
the whole fliell of\n ovated figure, and much narrower at the
gaping, end. \ _

Three inches and a Ijalf broad ; two inches long in the middle.

^ah. xlii. \

Suec. No. 219. Li/l. ^PP‘ h

M. Piftorum. Lin. Syft. 1112. F
fS- 4 -

17.Paint¬
ers*

M. with an oval brittle fhell j with a fingle longitudinal tooth like
a lamina in one ftiell, and twe “ other. Tab. xliii. Jig. 17-

Breadth a little above two inches\ length one.
Inhabits rivers. \

Ufed to put water colors in wh^ce the na

h^ce the name. Otters feed

on this and the other frefh-water fliells.

Lift. AngU App. tab. i. fig- i-

Lin. Syfi. 1112. Faun. Suec. No. 2130*
Scheffer Lapland^ 145.

18. Pearl.

M. with a very thick coarfe opake ftiell; often much decorticated ;
oblong, bending inward on one fide; or arcuated; black on the
outfi.de ; ufual breadth from five to fix inches; length two an a

quarter. T!ah. xliii. jig. i8.

Inhabits great rivers, efpecially thofe which water the moun-

K 2

#

This

68

S H E L L S. Class VL

This fhell is noted for producing quantities of pearl. There
have been regular filheries for the lake of this pretious article in
feveral of our rivers. Sixteen have been found within one fliell.
They are the difeafe of the fifh, analogous to the ftone in the human
body. On being fqueezed, they will ejed the pearl, and often call
it Ipontaneoufly in the fand of the ftream.

1 he Conway was noted for them in the days of Camhden,
A notion alio prevales, that Sir Richard fVynne^ of Gwydir, cham¬
berlain to Catharine queen to Charles II. prefented her majefty with
a pearl (taken in this river) which is to this day honored with a
place in the regal crown. They are called by the Weljh Cregin
Diluwy or Deluge Shells, as if left there by the flood.

The Irt in Cumberland was alfo produdive of them. The famous
circumnavigator. Sir John Hawkins *, had a patent for fifliing
that river. He had obferved pearls plentiful in the Straits of
Magellan^ and flattered himfelf with being inriched by procuring
them within his own ifland.

In the lafl; century, feveral of great fize were gotten in the rivers
of the county of 'Tyrone and Donegal^ in Ireland. One that
weighed 36 carats was valued at £. 40, but being foul, loft much
of its worth. Other Angle pearls were fold for 4. 10 s. and
even for £. 10. The laft was fold a fecond time to Lady Gkn-
lealy., who put it into a necklace, and refufed 80 for it from
the Duchefs of Ormond -f.

Suetonius reports, that Cafar was induced to undertake his Britijh
expedition for the fake of our pearls ; and that they were fo large
that it was necelTary to ufe the hand to try the weight of a Angle
one J. • I imagine that Cafar only heard this by report; and that

• Camden, ii. 1003. t Ph. Tr. Mridg. ii. 831.

t Sueton. Fit.. Jut, Ctef. c. xliv.

5

the

Cl'assVI. shells.

the cryftalline balls in old leafes, called mineral pearl, were mif-

taken for them *. ^

We believe that Cafar was difappointed of his hope; yet we are
told that he brought home a buckler made with Britijh pearl,
t which he dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of Venus
Genetrix. A proper offering to the Goddefs of Beauty, who fprung
from the fea. I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithftanding the -
daffies honor our pearl with their notice, yet they report them to
have been fmall and ill colored ; an imputation that in general they
are ftill liable to. Pliny J fays, that a red fmall kind was found
about the Thracian Bofphorus, in a (hell called Mya, but does not
give it any mark to afeertain the fpecies,

M. with a rudiment of a tooth within one fhell; with an oval and
large hiatus oppofite to the hinge. Shells brown and brittle. 0^3,

Shape of a pijiachia nut.

Length of a horfe-bean. ^ab. xliv.

Found near Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.

* Woodnjoard^s Method of Fojplsi 29. part H.
t Plinii, lib. ix. t. 35. Tacitus Vit> Agricola.

J Uid.

70

SHELLS.

CtASS VI.

SOLEN. V. Its animal an Ascidia. '
RAZOR. A 1 • ,

A bivalve ; oblong ; open at both ends.

At the hinge, a fubuhted tooth turned back, often double;
not inferted in the oppofite Ihell.

* With the hinge near the end.

Lin, Syfi. 1113. Faun. Suec. Na, 2131. Lijt. AngL tal, V./>g. 37.
Lift, Conch* tab* 409.

S, with a ftrait (hell, equally broad, comprefled, with a double
tooth at the hinge, receiving another oppofite; and on one fide
another tooth (harp pointed, and direded downwards. Color
olive, with a conoid mark of an afli color, dividing the Ihells dia<
gonally -, one part ftriated lengthways, the other tranfverfely.
Breadth ufually five or fix inches, fometimes nine.

’Tab. y\y,fig, 20.

Vagina*

31.Sheath.

Lin. Sjift^ Iii3» Lift. Conch, tal*

S. with a fiiell nearly cylindrical, one end marginated j the hinge
confining of a fingle tooth in each Ihell placed oppofite. Shell
yellow, marked much like the former i ufually about five or fix
inches broad.

Inhabits Red Wharfs Anglefea.

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